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Lots of other Scientologist-run services and organizations come from the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies making use of Hubbard's management teachings, and flows directories of WISE-affiliated businesses. WISE requires those who wish to become Hubbard management consults to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which provides an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This section needs growth. You can help by contributing to it. In order to help with the ongoing expansion of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the kind of powerful or respected people. Scientology. Though it has achieved some trustworthiness as a religion in lots of nations, Scientology has also been explained as both a cult and a company.
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For example, it has actually been kept in mind to take part in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as Level playing field people it views as its enemies. In 1979, a number of Scientology members were founded guilty for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise founded guilty of fraud, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, harmful libel versus legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religious beliefs in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be viewed as "threatening to developed social institutions".
From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was integrated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were commercial and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, however its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 countries by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost consistently for 26 years trying to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had at first demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit company.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as evidence the United States federal government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, elimination of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to examine, as figured out in an internet survey run by the presidential shift team soliciting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain aspects of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was produced with its head workplace located at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology Perth. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later on renamed the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later arranged and dedicated one of the largest penetration of United States federal firms ever committed by a company not associated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal activity devoted by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope previously unusual. No building, office, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and prying. No person or organization was free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past used aggressive strategies in dealing with those it sees as attempting to reduce them, called Suppressive Persons (SPs) first described by Hubbard Scientology Perth as part of a policy called level playing field. Church of Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its founder.
Using blank paper understood to have been managed by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb dangers in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which might have sent Cooper to jail for a prolonged term. The Church's plan was found at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.